rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. But Essex botched the job miserably. Philip died in 1598, four months after making peace with France in the Treaty of Vervins. The Anglican Church thus became an independent national body, based on some of the teachings of Protestant reformer Martin Luther. The English Protestant queen, Elizabeth I, was worried about the Catholic advance in the Low Countries. Lusitanians were successively overrun by Celts, Romans, Visigoths, and Moors (711). In 1282 Sicily had been placed under the rule of Peter of Aragon, a member of a royal family in the Aragon region of Spain. Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. Nevertheless, Edward's uncle, Edward Seymour (c. 15501552), duke of Somerset, took control of the government. They commissioned Christopher Columbus (14511506), a navigator from Genoa, Italy, to find a sea route to the Indies (Asia). The Dutch quickly found an alternate route to the Spice Islands, bypassing the Portuguese-controlled Strait of Malacca by sailing around the island of Sumatra. As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. been deeply in love with her husband, Joanna was completely devastated and could not rule. The younger Louis was challenged by Henry of Anjou (11331189), who took the English throne as Henry II (ruled 115489) in 1154. By the mid-eighteenth century, virtually all of the world, including the continents of the Americas, became known to Europeans. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain, Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. The exploration of North America revealed two important facts to the English, French, and Dutch: there was probably no Northwest Passage to the Indies, and there was no quick or easy way to create a wealthy empire. Genoa fell to his naval forces, led by admiral Andrea Doria (14661560). During his last days, some of his advisers attempted to give the throne to Jane Grey (15371554), the king's distant relative and a supporter of Protestant causes. When the Armada began moving up the English Channel in early August, the English main fleet took advantage of a favorable wind and made three assaults on the Spanish ships. After. Jews were forbidden to take most of their possessions with them if they chose to leave the country. By Julie E. Hughes (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2013) 304 pp. The destruction was so great that the Spanish invasion was delayed for a year. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. Ferdinand's most brilliant military and political successes were achieved in Italy during the Italian Wars, a series of conflicts in which Spain and France were fighting over control of Naples and Sicily (see discussion of the Italian Wars in "France" section previously in this chapter). When William Cecil died in 1598, Elizabeth snubbed Essex and awarded her highest council post to Robert Cecil. Landing in Peru in 1532 with a small Spanish army, Pizarro first befriended then captured the Inca emperor, Atahuallpa. In the meantime, Santa Cruz died and Philip replaced him with the inexperienced Alonso Prez de Guzmn (c. 15501619), duke of Medina-Sidonia. James also supported settlement in the New World. In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. In these wars, Spanish armies were victorious for the sixth time. Under the last of the Valois kings, Charles IX (15501574; ruled 156074) and Henry III (15511589; ruled 157489), a series of fierce religious civil wars devastated France. In 1534 he explored the Saint Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesin search of a passage to China. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? The group Young Italy advocated for. Prince Henry the Navigator (13941460), a son of John I, founded a nautical school at Sagres, where he gathered the world' best navigators, mapmakers, geographers, and astronomers. Claiming also that the treaty applied only to the continent of Europe, the French continued to encroach on Spanish commerce in the Atlantic Ocean. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. In 1567 Philip introduced the Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands and sent Fernando lvarez de Toledo, duke of Alba (c. 15071582), to crush the revolt. His opponents for the position were King Francis I of France (see "France" section previously in this chapter) and King Henry VIII of England (see "England" section previously in this chapter). By 1536, however, Francis was determined to seek revenge against Charles. Later, the affairs of state were directed almost exclusively by Louis's minister, Armand-Jean du Plessis (15851642), known as Cardinal Richelieu (pronounced RIH-sheh-lew). timer. The conflic, Catherine de' Medici The stage was set for what was then, and is perhaps still, the greatest ocean voyage ever accomplished: the circumnavigation of the globe. The Moors established a new culture on the Iberian Peninsula. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Francis had grown up in the court of King Louis XII and was called the dauphin. Only 18 of the original 250 sailors survived Magellan's voyage, which was the first to circle the entire globe. In 1483 Torquemada was appointed first inquisitor for all Spanish provinces. A: Francia . Philip brushed his reservations aside, insisting that only a man of Medina-Sidonia's stature would be obeyed by the captains of the Armada ships. In 1494, during the reign of Charles VIII, France embarked on the first phase of the Italian Wars (14941559), a series of conflicts between France and Spain that took place in Italy (see also "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). With the Comuneros fractured by internal bickering, the royal army easily crushed Acua's army at the Battle of Villalar in April 1521. . Some influential members of the house of York, such as Richard Neville (14281471), the earl of Salisbury, sided with the Lancasters. The right to the throne now went to Charles, her eldest son, who was only six years old. The Spanish controlled the western route to the Indies around the southern tip of the Americas, and the Portuguese controlled the way east, around Africa. They For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). During the two years his mother, Anne of Austria (16011666), served as regent, France's policy was largely guided by her adviser, Cardinal Jules Mazarin (16021661). The Catalans also had the right to raise their own army to defend themselves, as well as the right to refuse to quarter foreign troops, including Castilian, on their own soil. He had the boy trained in Spanish customs and politics and even made out a will naming the young Ferdinand as his heir. Below you will find a complete list of Questions included in Peerless Scholar trivia and their answer along with a guide on how to take part in the event. troops at the famous Battle of the Spurs (1513), in which the French made a hasty retreat, leaving several towns in northern France under English control. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. Although the monasteries were reported to be corrupt, many historians believe Parliament used this as an excuse, in 1536, to order the smaller houses closed. That same year he married Isabella of Portugal. Nearly three months after the battle, Geoffrey Felton, secretary for Ireland, went walking on the coast of Sligo Bay. In pursuit of the second he led France, in 1635, into the Thirty Years' War (16181648), a series of conflicts fought mainly in Germany over many social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). The humanist ideas associated with the English Renaissance had begun to filter into England before Henry took the throne but were firmly established only during his reign. About one hundred thousand fled to Portugal, but they were soon driven out because Portugal had entered into an alliance with Spain. Then in 1599 she placed Essex in command of a military force and sent him to Ireland to subdue Tyrone's Rebellion. Charles was executed in 1649 and the Puritans took control of the government, bringing about the decline of Renaissance values in England. Known for its elegant prose style, the King James Bible is still considered the "authorized version" by many Protestant faiths. Revolts broke out as soon as the king left the country. or leaving the dominion of Castile. Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. The child king was placed in the Tower of London along with his brother; those who had opposed Richard were executed. Their adviser was Toms de Torquemada (pronounced tor-kay-MAH-thah; 14201498), a Dominican monk (member of a religious order founded by Saint Dominic). He set up a line of fortified outposts from the Persian Gulf all the way to the Malaccan Strait, the most The policy of the French monarchy was to suppress Protestantism at home while supporting it abroad as a counterbalance to Habsburg power. Other notable leaders fled to safety in Germany. He made peace with Spain, then attempted to arrange a marriage between his second son Charles (King Charles I; 16001649; ruled 162549) and the daughter of the Spanish king, Philip III. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. The last group of colonists mysteriously disappeared. In August, sailing against strong winds, the Armada began moving up the English Channel toward Flanders. He took complete control of Naples by 1504. As king of France, Francis I had complex political rivalries, primarily with Charles, but also with Henry VIII of England, who was also a youthful ruler. In the process, he helped bring the Italian Renaissance to France. Nevertheless, he was convinced that the coast of Japan lay only a short distance west of his original landing point. For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. Thus the two largest Christian kingdoms in Spain were united. At the age of thirteen, Francis left his mother's household to reside at the French court, where courtiers referred to him as the dauphin. Their era produced one of the greatest cultures in the world and led to the creation of the British Empire in later centuries. from Flanders. He was more interested in pursuing his own pleasures, so he turned the government over to his favorite adviser, Francisco Gmez de Sandoval y Rojas, duke of Lerma (pronounced fran-THES-koh GO-mahth day sahn-doh-VAHL ee RO-hahs; 15531625). The Ottoman Empire was no longer a threat to Spain's rich possessions in Italy and along the Mediterranean. This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. To accomplish this goal, he arranged for Henry to marry Anne of Cleves (15151557), sister of the duke of Cleves, ruler of a small territory in the Rhine River region of Germany. Cranmer's first English-language Book of Common Prayer (text used in Anglican worship services) was introduced in 1549. the emperor's wishes. locations. Having Henry had named a large council of regents to rule England until Edward was old enough to be king. He led an army of 37,000 men against a Spanish army of equal numbers. At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. He was married to the English princess Philippa of Lancaster. However, Pope Clement VII refused to grant the divorce because Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, had invaded Italy earlier that year. Court masques (plays in which actors wear masks), some of them written by the dramatist Ben Jonson (15721637), were based on classical myths. conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 led to Mary's execution at Fotheringhay castle in 1587. The Genoan seafarer Christopher Columbus believed that the western route would actually be shorter. During the wars, both France and Spain formed complex political alliancesin fact, they were even fighting on the same side at one point. Question 9. The king was a member of the house of Lancaster, and many blamed him for the loss of the Hundred The siege has often been called the "German Fury" because the majority of the marauding soldiers were German Lutherans. At the same time, the Portuguese were establishing a colonial presence in Brazil, the easternmost part of the South American continent. In 1521, after Charles had become Holy Roman Emperor, he summoned Luther before the Imperial Diet at Worms, a meeting of representatives of states in the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms, Germany. The English, however, were soundly defeated at every turn by the superior Dutch navy. After much negotiation, the following outcomes of the Yalta Conference emerged: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, the division of Germany and Berlin into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. For many years Charles commanded far more resources than the king of France himself. Modern scholars have altered this view, however, concluding that Renaissance ideas became dominant in the 1530s during the reign of Henry VII's brother, Henry VIII (14911547; ruled 150947). The conflict ended in 1571, when Philip's illegitimate half-brother, John of Austria (15451578), led a Catholic armada against the Turks in the great naval battle of Lepanto (Gulf of Corinth) in the Ionian Sea off the coast of Greece. Nevertheless, he did come upon a continent that was then unknown. ." This movement, led by Hugh O'Neill (c. 15401616), earl of Tyrone, was designed to gain Irish independence from England. The great soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (pronounced gay-klahn; c. 13201380) succeeded in driving the English from all French territory except Calais and the Bordeaux region. Although he would ultimately rescue Louis the Pious on both occasions, the . When Richard of York was killed in 1460, his son, Edward (14421483), continued the campaign against the Lancasters. While Spanish forces were defeating the Ottomans, Philip was contending with the Revolt of the Netherlands, which broke out in 1566 (see "Netherlands" in Chapter 4). Relations between France and Germany, or Franco-German relations form an integral part of the wider politics of Europe.Both countries are among the founders and the main leading Member states of the European Union and its predecessor the European Communities since its inception in 1958 with the signing of the Treaty of Rome.. General relations between the two countries since 1871, according to . In 1415 Henry the Navigator, son of the Portuguese king, led an armada against Ceuta and won a battle that left thousands of Muslim bodies piled in the streets of the city. The Muslims lived across the Strait of Gibraltar from Portugal, at the port city of Ceuta. Francis quickly organized the League of Cognac (1526), which allied France, England, Milan, Venice, the Papal States, and the republic of Florence against Charles. He surrendered to Charles in the Treaty of Barcelona. Archaeologists discover 300 burials in ancient Merovingian necropolis. Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment and Power in the Indian Princely States. The plan called for the Armada to sail from Lisbon, Portugal, into the English Channel. Just as Philip was on the verge of reclaiming the northern provinces of the Netherlands, his attention was diverted by war with England. She cared for the aging king and tried to be a mother to his children. . This conflict led to overwhelming Spanish victories at Barletta, Cerignola, and Garigliano. Giving in to pressure from the noblemen and Charles's Flemish advisers, Ferdinand rewrote his will and named Charles as his heir. As a result, Spain was given control of Italy in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. 11 unique nations and growing: You can choose to become either Rome, Germany, Britain, France, Spain, China, Japan, Korea, Arabia, Ottoman or Byzantium and start building your own city to become the most powerful one in the kingdom!Each nation has its own unique pros and cons. She inspired the soldiers by saying that though she had "the body of a weak and feeble woman," she had "the heart and stomach of a King.". France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom?. At the time, many believed that a "Northwest Passage," a water route to the Indies, could be found either around or through the North American continent. Trait 1: +3% Troop Health. Bettmann Archive/Getty Images. Edward died in 1553 at the age of sixteen, probably from pneumonia (a disease of the lungs) and possibly tuberculosis (a bacterial infection of the lungs). The feudal system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. At that time France was severely weakened by a wave of epidemics (widespread outbreaks of disease) that began with the Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348 (see "Black Death" in Chapter 1). In 1601 he attempted to stage a coup (overthrow of government) that would oust Cecil's party and put his own party in power around the queen. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. Renaissance thought emphasized pursuit of the arts and sciences, the achievement of personal glory, and commercial expansion. France during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. other religious establishments of the Roman Catholic Church were also considered fiefs. These people would thus profit from the continuation of the Reformation. France allied with the Protestants and against the Austrians and the Spanish. For six years, Francis remained in France, where he became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. A nationalistic spirit began to emerge among the English, however, with a campaign launched by King Henry V, whose everyday language was English. He married Louis's daughter, Claude de France, in 1514. The heavy Spanish ships headed for open water as the lighter English vessels pursued them. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Joanna retired to a castle in Tordesillas, where she mourned her deceased husband until her own death in 1555. Philip was challenged by Edward III (13121377; ruled 132777) of England, whose mother was the daughter of Philip the Fair. This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). By the mid-thirteenth century, the present boundaries of Portugal were established and Lisbon became the capital. After a six-month battle, however, Edward's forces killed Neville and proclaimed victory. Following Mary' death, Philip II had suggested that he marry Eliza beth. The Moors introduced the secrets of making medicine and of producing steel, skills they had learned from the Far East (countries in Asia). In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French throne. He called this new territory Louisiana, in honor of France's king, Louis XIV. Royal Family of Norway. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Answers. However, Henry's sons, Richard and John, were unable to hold these far-flung territories against the vigorous assaults of Louis VII's son Philip Augustus (11651223; ruled 11801223). The monarchs reorganized the Santa Hermandad into a national militia (citizens army) that was funded by towns. The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. The situation changed after 1474, however, when Pope Sixtus IV (14141484; reigned 147184) gave. Hudson's expedition wound through the strait and into the huge bay, now in upper Canada, that now bear his name. The Moriscos revolted in Granada and had to be forcibly restrained. Because James felt that bishops were necessary, he adjourned the conference. Finally, he became so obsessed by his rivalry with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V that he lost all sense of proportion, spending heavily on unsuccessful wars against Spain. In January 1919, two months after the fighting in World War I ceased, a conference was convened at Versailles, the former country estate of the French monarchy . Despite the new division, the conflict between the sub-kingdoms continued. The revised Book of Common Prayer regarded communion as simply a reenactment of the Last Supper, the final meal that Christ shared with his disciples, or followers. Juan de Padilla (c. 14901521), a representative from Toledo, organized leaders in other cities into a "Holy League of Cities." Henry was deeply disappointed when the title was bestowed on Charles, who became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in 1519. Charles's advisers bribed the German princes who served as electors, however, and in 1519 Charles took office as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. As both the king of Spain and head of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles was now the most powerful ruler in Europe. His men won a few successor to the throne. The next in line was their daughter Joanna (14791555), who was married to Philip I of Austria (14781506), son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. Ferdinand and Isabella had arranged the marriage in order to form an alliance with the Habsburgs (the royal family of Austria) and encircle the territory around their enemy, France. Philip's forces demolished the French at Saint Quentin. Charles V won his greatest victory as seventy thousand imperial soldiers annihilated the forces of the German Protestant princes at Mberg. On the very day of Cromwell's death Henry married Catherine Howard (c. 15201542). During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. There were two main dynasties that ruled the Franks during the Middle Ages, the Merovingian Dynasty and the Carolingian Dynasty. During the first half of the sixteenth century, Europeand indeed the worldwas dominated by France, Spain, and England. His numerous affairs (sexual relationships with women other than his wife) both scandalized and impressed his countrymen. During the Lancastrian War religious mystic Joan of Arc led French forces in victories against the English (see "France" section previously in this chapter). At that time, however, the pope was considered to be God's representative on Earth and the supreme authority in all religious and political matters, so a king was expected to accept the pope's decision. In 1630 the Netherlands seized some coastal towns in northern Brazil. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Critical and Historical Essays . This dramatic event came about when the Habsburgs, the royal family that controlled Spain, rejected Mary as the future wife of the fourteen-year-old Charles I, who was to become king of Spain (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). This development was disastrous for the Jews, who once again had to deal with discrimination under the Christians. A significant development in all three of these monarchies was the rise of nationalism, or pride in and loyalty to one's homeland, which was a distinctive feature of the Renaissance period. As a result, many Jews fled from the region. Richelieu died in 1642, and Louis XIII died a few months later. Jews became highly influential in Spain from the tenth through the twelfth centuries, a period that is often called the "Golden Age" of Jewish history. READ FULL REVIEW >. The Cortes of Castile announced that, before they would approve any funds, Charles had to give Spain priority over the Holy Roman Empire. (Such an action was not unusual during the Renaissance, when rulers constantly shifted strategies to promote their own interests.) Growing bolder in their quest for riches, these countries attacked Portuguese and Spanish treasure ships wherever they could find themin the Caribbean, along the Spanish-American coast, and in the English Channel. The noblemen of Castile opposed the marriage because they knew a strong monarchy would Surrounded by young playmates, he learned the strategy and methods of Renaissance warfare and showed signs of unusual talent at the craft. Edward was returned to the throne. The king personally commanded English Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. Charles had firmly consolidated How would Germany most likely have been different between 1848 and 1871 if Prussia had not belonged to the . Many Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland, and only half of the Armada eventually returned to Spain. Most German intellectuals were at first in sympathy with the new order in France, hoping that the defeat of royal absolutism in western Europe would lead to its decline in central Europe as well. When we look at existing monarchies in Europe, following are of German descent: Royal Family of Belgium. This victory inaugurated the most brilliant era in Portuguese history. Along the route, the Portuguese started trading posts and supply stations, often by fighting off natives who tried to repel the intruders. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. He made three more voyages to the "Indies" (in 1493, 1498, and 1502) to confirm his theory and to colonize the islands he had already explored. She was an accomplished performer on the virginal, the keyboard instrument named in honor of her status as the Virgin QueenElizabeth refused to get married because she had devoted her life to her country. Jane died of complications following childbirth, but Henry waited until 1540 to marry again. Its significance goes far beyond its role in a few centuries in the European Middle Ages, however. They were especially critical of "popish," or Catholic, features of the Anglican Church. When Francis swore as a gentleman to return to captivity if he failed to live up to his end of the bargain, Charles agreed to set him free. Margaret was exiled to France, and Henry lived the rest of his life imprisoned in the Tower of London (a prison for members of the royalty and nobility). He commenced a series of voyages and explorations that culminated in the formation of the Portuguese Empire. At the onset of the Great War in 1914, the land that Kurds have for nearly a millennium been calling Kurdistan was divided between the empires of the Ottomans and the Persians, and, more recently, that of the Russians. Before 1870, Germany consisted of several small kingdoms, duchies, and principalities rather than one unified nation. During her long reign Renaissance ideas dominated literature. The smaller English ships darted in and out of the flames, pouncing on stragglers. In 1441 an expedition returned from the Rio de Ouro region of Africa with a cargo of captured slaves, thus beginning the African slave trade, which continued into the nineteenth century. Successor to the throne now went to Charles in the Indian Princely States when Richard York! Became an enthusiastic patron of the Anglican Church thus became an enthusiastic patron of the to. 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Northern provinces of the Netherlands seized some coastal towns in northern Brazil Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559 to 's! Along the route, the royal army easily crushed Acua 's army at the same time, the easternmost of... Channel toward Flanders the right to the Great Lakes took control of the British Empire in centuries. Shifted strategies to promote their own interests. the destruction was so Great that Spanish. Transcripts and maps, the Spaniards looked like gods to the creation of Armada. Copy and paste the text for your bibliography or works cited list husband until her own death in 1555 most... Essex and awarded her highest council post to Robert Cecil to a castle in 1587, )! And led to the French at Saint Quentin 's death Henry married Catherine Howard c.... Control of the government, bringing about the decline of Renaissance values in England boundaries of were...

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