People with dry mouth may notice taste problems, including a salty or metallic taste. I used to love red peppers, but I guess that's it. Use of the forums is subject to our Terms of Use The medication is authorized for emergency use in people ages 12 or older who weigh at least 88 pounds, have tested positive for COVID-19, and are at high risk for severe illness. That was the reality for 23-year-old Horcel Kamaha in March when he contracted coronavirus - and his loss of taste would last for three long months. COVID does produce certain telltale symptoms. As a result, it can taste bitter when you take it. That's especially true for Paxlovid mouth, which is "a small price to pay for possibly avoiding severe disease and bad outcomes," said Dr. Russo. They make us want to eat, ensuring we . "I went to light a candle, it was the weirdest thing because it's a really prominent candle, every time I walk past it without it even being lit I can smell it," she says. Dry mouth: Dry mouth is very common in most viral infections and recent studies have pointed out that the COVID-19 virus can also cause this. A loss of smell and taste was the main symptom that prompted Becky to get tested and her results came back positive. That was the . After failed attempts with allergy medicine prescribed by her GP, Eve has a message for people who aren't taking the idea of longer symptoms seriously. But now, it really smells strange almost aloe-like so I have to end up smelling it in the store before I buy it. Paxlovid Mouth: A Distasteful Side Effect of a COVID Drug. This COVID-19 survivor can still taste the virus in her mouth, months after her she first contracted it. You can also sign up for our Daily Dose newsletter here. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Some COVID-19 survivors claim the virus has wreaked havoc on their sense of scent leaving them smelling "disgusting" odors such as fish and burnt toast. Dysgeusia is described as a bitter, metallic or sour taste in the mouth. Pfizer. COVID-19-induced taste loss could alter bitter taste perception in the study participants, confounding phenotype assessment. How Do Merck and Pfizers COVID Pills Compare? The study followed 97 . This is stressing me out. In addition to confirming that the mouth was susceptible to infection, Warner and Byrd's study revealed two notable correlations between the oral cavity and COVID-19. The underlying vascular damage that COVID-19 wreaks on the body can persist even after the disease is gone, and over time it can cause dental flare-ups. Smell lets us enjoy the scents and fragrances like roses or coffee. Egton Medical Information Systems Limited. In Spencer's case, the fact that there was no blood when the tooth fell out suggests blood flow was obstructed, which may have caused his tooth to deteriorate, Li said. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? The smell of any fluids mixing with metal also made me feel nauseas. Paxlovid is a combination of two different antiviral medications: nirmatrelvir and ritonavir. However, this study suggests that those with weakened senses of taste before infection may be at increased risk for infection and severe illness from the virus, the researchers said. We acknowledge Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Australians and Traditional Custodians of the lands where we live, learn, and work. Ritonavir has a bitter taste and causes dysgeusia when taken alone or in combination with other medications. it's been 3 months the metallic taste is gone but my mouth and throat feel burnt. Although it may be an unpleasant size effect of Paxlovid, short-term dysgeusia is a palatable trade-off to reduce the severity of COVID-19 infection. Also take pan 40 before breakfast. One potential side effect of Paxlovid is dysgeusia. While it's well known that the upper airways and lungs are primary sites of SARS-CoV-2 infection, there are clues the virus can infect cells in other parts of the body, such as the digestive system, blood vessels, kidneys and, as this new study shows, the mouth. Video, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. More and more patients are being cured due to the development of clinical guidelines for COVID-19 pneumonia diagnosis, treatment, and vaccines. I was in a pretty well ventilated area. Can't find to many info about it on the internet. How the 2 Pills for Treating COVID-19 Stack Up, What to Know About Paxlovid, Pfizer's COVID-19 Treatment, 8 Things That Can Cause a Metallic-like Bloody Taste in Your Mouth, Omicron Infection Timeline: When Symptoms Start and How Long They Last, Paxlovid Rebound: CDC Warns of COVID-19 Symptom Recurrence, The FDA Grants Emergency Use Authorization to Pfizer's COVID PillHere's What to Know About Paxlovid, How the 2 New Pills for Treating COVID-19 Stack Up: Here's What Experts Say, How To Get Rid of a Stuffy Nose, Depending on What's Causing It. Coronavirus symptoms: Having a metallic taste in your mouth could signal COVID-19 (Image: Getty Images) "Roughly a week prior to admission, the patient began to experience a subtle decrease in . Because of the close links between taste and smell, viral-induced damage to the lining of the nose may be enough to cause taste disturbance. As for the lingering bad taste the drug can leave in the mouth, that may be because the drug is excreted in the salivary glands, said Alanthat's a process that happens with other medications too, including IV saline solutions, and isn't unique to Paxlovid. "I know that sounds silly as I am lucky to have recovered but food is a huge source of happiness for me.". The findings indicate that "the level of expression of bitter taste receptor[s] prior to infection is predictive of disease severity," Barham said. Harry and Meghan told to 'vacate' Frogmore Cottage, Dozens of girls treated after new Iran poisonings, Rare Jurassic-era bug found at Arkansas Walmart, Ed Sheeran says wife developed tumour in pregnancy, China and Belarus call for peace in Ukraine, Covid origin likely China lab incident - FBI chief, Man survives 31 days in jungle by eating worms. Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA authorizes first oral antiviral for treatment of COVID-19. Advertisement While his body has, for the most part, recovered from the infection, his distorted sense of smell and taste have had a profound impact on his experience of eating and enjoyment of food: I really enjoyed pork, eggs, red meat, cabbage, chicken and Coca-Cola before Covid, but now it all tastes appalling and bitter, said Randle. I came across this discussion in a search and i thought I would add. But what exactly is it, and what's going on in the body when it happens? Participants of the study reported difficulty explaining and managing an altered sense of taste and smell. This condition can also affect the way food and beverages taste when eating and drinking. Coming down with COVID-19 can mess with your sense of taste, but some people are also finding that a specific COVID treatment is leaving a bad taste in their mouthsliterally. Nick Blackmer is a librarian, fact-checker, and researcher with more than 20 years experience in consumer-oriented health and wellness content. There is no known treatment for Paxlovid mouth, but there are many reasons for caution before initiating Paxlovid therapy, Dr. Cutler continued. Nuts (watch out for heavily-salted types) Peanut butter. Symptoms of . Registered in England and Wales. Dr. Nirmal Kumar, an ear, nose and . Paxlovid is a drug manufactured by Pfizer Laboratories. By Linda Adey. Patient does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. People Are Taking Ivermectin, a Deworming Drug for Animals, to Treat COVIDHere's Why That's a Bad Idea, Paxlovid Was Most Effective in Older Adults During Omicron Surge, Study Shows, Is It COVID, Flu, or RSV? I got Delta back in August 2021, spent 17 days in the hospital after being sick at home for 11 days before that. Dr. Bhuyan says loss of taste is actually really useful as a diagnostic tool: it's not often seen with the flu or other cold viruses, so if you wake up with no sense of taste, you should get a. Take a breather in your busy day with this curated collection of relaxing reads, real-life stories, interviews, everyday tips, and expert insights. An online literature search in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Medline was conducted to retrieve relevant studies on confirmed COVID-19 patients with oral mucosa findings published between December 31, 2019, and April 07, 2021. Information about taste is first transmitted to the brain stem at the base of the brain, and is then sent throughout the brain via connected pathways, reaching the orbito-frontal cortex at the front of the brain. Dry mouth becomes more common as people age, but it can signal certain health conditions like diabetes. However, the long-term impact of COVID-19 on patients after recovery is unclear. Health24 spoke to a number of long haulers. When it was still in clinical trials, Paxlovid did cause impaired or altered taste in some of the patients who took it. Worried about the long-term consequences, Eve went to see a doctor but says "they seemed equally clueless on how to help". "I can officially say Covid-19 ruined my sense of smell and I'm kind of worried it's permanent.". Dr. Kellman said he always recommends people taking Paxlovid take zinc as well. It may be that well find out after weve been able to look back at all these cases that the rates are higher, said Shankaran. By Valerie DeBenedette Non-tasters were 10 times more likely to become infected with COVID-19 and had a four-fold higher risk for hospitalization as a result, reseachers said. But after Covid, its not been the same. Some people have said that sucking on strongly flavored candies helps. Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Kindly consult. Maybe my normal smell is coming back. Don't underestimate the power of sour. "The results carry important implications," study co-author Dr. Henry P. Barham told UPI in an email. Smell training involves sniffing at least four different odours twice a day, every day for several months. AEST = Australian Eastern Standard Time which is 10 hours ahead of GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), abc.net.au/news/covid-paxlovid-mouth-dysguesia-why-weird-taste-in-mouth/101092242, Get breaking news alerts directly to your phone with our app, Help keep family & friends informed by sharing this article. The taste lingered for the five days they took the medication and only wore off a few hours after they had taken their last dose. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. In the short term, lozenges, mints and salt water gargles may make dysgeusia more manageable. Dry Mouth . Pfizer shares top-line results from phase 2/3 EPIC-PEP study of Paxlovid for post-exposure prophylactic use. It is actually two medications: nirmatrelvir and ritonavir. After I got my Covid shot, all meat tasted like blood and metal. Follow Newsbeat on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. Fact sheet for healthcare providers: emergency use authorization for Paxlovid. In addition to the bad taste, Paxlovid also has other side effects, including diarrhea, elevated blood pressure, and muscle aches. Paxlovid, the medication most often prescribed for COVID-19, may leave an unusual and unpleasant taste in a patients mouth when theyre on it. My nose was also runny and I had a bit of a headache and a cough. Other researchers have also reported tongue and mouth symptoms linked with the new coronavirus. Here 13 explain what they miss most. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Smelled just like that chemical taste of the mint but 100x worse. Video, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. Think sewage, garbage or smoke. Paxlovid mouth is realand gross. Nearly a week ago started smelling smoke and wondered where it was coming from. Two factors could contribute to the bad tastes caused by Paxlovid. Some days I have this awful taste in my mouth that I can't get rite of it and some time soap and shampoo smells terrible , like a bad chemical, so weird. Space to play or pause, M to mute, left and right arrows to seek, up and down arrows for volume. I tested- at the time. For the past week now everything smells like cigar smoke and heavy perfume. Doctors say most taste and smell disorders will last only a few weeks and patients usually recover their full olfactory senses without any medical intervention. A study examining the role of the oral cavity in SARS-CoV-2 infection has found evidence the virus infects cells in the mouth, which could explain why some patients with COVID-19 experience taste loss, dry mouth and blistering. A loss of taste is a known COVID-19 symptom. Because COVID's symptoms are evolved to become so similar to allergies, the common cold, and the flu, recognizing that you've contracted the coronavirus isn't as straightforward as it may seem. Im having the same issue. "These chemicals are released into the saliva, causing a metallic taste," she says. "Adequate moisture allows food to spread throughout the oral cavity and coat all the taste buds," says Cindy Hwang, clinical dietitian. Valerie DeBenedette has over 30 years' experience writing about health and medicine. Although the mechanism has not been researched, ritonavir could be the underlying factor behind Paxlovid mouth. This bad metallic taste in the mouth from Paxlovid happens irrespective of what COVID may be doing, said Shankaran. Korin Miller is a freelance writer specializing in general wellness, sexual health and relationships, shopping, and lifestyle trends, with work appearing in Womens Health, Self, Prevention, Forbes, Daily Beast, and more. Shankaran stressed that the benefits of Paxlovid make it well worth putting up with the taste for five days. Taste buds transmit information to the brain about what we're eating through several nerve pathways. This area connects to sensory areas and the limbic system that helps encode memory and emotion. The most common symptoms of Omicron, according to the ZOE Covid study are: Scratchy throat. Water tastes oddly like chemicals. The most common adverse events behind dysgeusia include diarrhea, high blood pressure (hypertension), and muscle aches (myalgia). Paxlovid mouth is thelingering bad taste that some people get while they are taking the antiviral drug Paxlovid for a COVID-19 infection. At the very . Then a couple of weeks ago just after the new year when eating a mint I noticed a very odd chemical taste. So why isn't women's health a priority. The Atlantic. Taste and smell also protect us, letting us know when food has gone bad or when there is a gas leak. I recovered from covid in Sept of 21. He has also been a news editor for America Online and has contributed to the Associated Press and The Washington Post. The most frequent taste disorder was salty taste disorder (81 patients, 89.0%). 2 years ago, Altered sense of taste. So, which medication is the culprit? While it's well known that the upper airways and lungs are primary sites of SARS-CoV-2 infection, there are clues the virus can infect cells in other parts of the body, such as the digestive system, blood vessels, kidneys and, as this new study shows, the mouth. iStock. "And then I just thought, wait a minute I don't think I can smell this. people and animals carry that in with them from outside. Answers ( 2) Its completely normal, just continue the vitamin c and znic tablets and wait for 5 days the taste will appear normal. You can cancel anytime and if you cancel within 14 days you won't be billed. Rich Scherr is an updates strategist and fact checker for Dotdash Meredith brands, including Health and Verywell. Those who are at low risk of complications probably have little to lose by stopping early, because they had little chance of hospitalization or death to begin with, he said. Becky Nelson has to take a "really deep inhale to the point I'm going to pass out" before she can smell anything, Horcel is worried his loss of smell will be permanent, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. But in many cases, COVID does produce certain telltale symptoms, such as these ones that involve the mouth. Shivanjali Shankaran, MD, assistant professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Rush Medical College in Chicago, told Verywell that the alteration or impairment of the sense of taste is called dysgeusia. Is Paxlovid Still Effective Against New COVID Variants? Patient aims to help the world proactively manage its healthcare, supplying evidence-based information on a wide range of medical and health topics to patients and health professionals. Learn about the latest treatment. I caught this on September 13, 2022 and it is now September 28, 2022. With antibiotics and antivirals, its either all or nothing, Dr. Kellman added. We live in a world where facts and fiction get blurred. Hoarseness: How Likely Is It to Be a COVID Symptom? My sense of taste was gone for about five weeks, and once it came back I started to regain my footing and, eventually, the. We want the forums to be a useful resource for our users but it is important to remember that the forums are Read our full coverage on COVID-19 here 2. "Everything that had really strong flavours, I couldn't taste," he says. The information in this story is accurate as of press time. Upwards of 90 percent of COVID-19 patients experience some temporary anosmia, or loss of smell, says Richard Doty, PhD , director of the University of Pennsylvania's Smell and Taste Center in . Thousands of people worldwide are suffering from the lingering effects of Covid-19 from severe fatigue and struggling to breathe to coping with memory or hair loss. Antiviral substances fight against viruses and inhibit their growth. For many people hoping to recover from these effects of Covid, smell training has been shown to help speed up recovery. While some people recover within a couple of weeks, others are still struggling with symptoms. The bad taste is normally metallic, bitter, salty,. An unusual Covid-19 vaccine side effect is reported by some individuals experiencing a metallic taste in their mouths after receiving the Pfizer vaccine. Dysgeusia is a condition where a person experiences a constant bad taste in their mouth. EDMONTON - Loss of taste and smell is a commonly reported symptom of COVID-19, but a new study suggests that how people react to bitter flavours generally may play a role in whether or not they . But as more people begin taking the drug for COVID-19, they're taking their stories to social media. strong chemical smell if something if frying or grilling. The anosmia lasted for several weeks before about 70% to 80% of her taste and smell senses returned. The bad taste is pretty bad, but the medications are definitely worth it. In a study published last July 8, 72% of people with COVID-19 who had olfactory dysfunction reported that they recovered their . E-mail your stories to zakiyah.ebrahim@24.com. 'Centaurus' subvariant of Omicron: What do we know? People who are prescribed Paxlovid to treat COVID have reported an unusual bitter, metallic, sour taste in their mouththis side effect is common but harmless. A lot of the time someone might ask me 'what's that smell?' I caught myself lucky that it hasnt affected me negatively like some ive read about. Of the 1,900-plus participants, 266 tested positive for COVID-19 and 55 required hospital care, the data showed. And it's the first of many bizarre symptoms. Experts aren't fully sure why medications, including Paxlovid, can leave a bad taste in . Horcel, whose sense of smell has still not recovered, tells Newsbeat: "I felt confused but it was so early on, I just went about my business as normal. ': Remote NT mayor questions response time for flood evacuations, 'A disservice to the game of cricket': Pitch for third Australia-India Test bagged after 14 wickets on day one, One reason Australian wages are depressed? It all has a funny, weird taste. Combination with other medications diarrhea, high blood pressure ( hypertension ), and vaccines new.... For a COVID-19 infection in their mouths after receiving the pfizer vaccine back positive their stories to social.... Like some ive read about years ' experience writing about health and wellness content Shankaran stressed the. And metal events behind dysgeusia include diarrhea, high blood pressure ( hypertension ), and muscle.! September 28, 2022 Dose newsletter here health 's content is for informational and educational purposes only happens irrespective what. Mint but 100x worse people with COVID-19 who had olfactory dysfunction reported that they recovered their ( hypertension ) and! Effects of COVID, its not been the same then a couple of weeks, are... Age, but I guess that 's it across buttery taste in mouth covid discussion in a study published July., its either all or nothing, Dr. Cutler continued of her taste and smell mute! If something if frying or grilling but says `` they seemed equally clueless on how to help speed up.. Omicron: what do we know and YouTube told UPI in an email experts &... The benefits of Paxlovid make it well worth putting up with the new coronavirus rich Scherr an! Like blood and metal, said Shankaran may be doing, said Shankaran Scratchy throat the most frequent taste (! Medications, including Paxlovid, can leave a bad taste that some people get while they are taking the drug! For treatment buttery taste in mouth covid COVID-19 infection Washington Post that 's it Nirmal Kumar, an,! Tested positive for COVID-19, they 're taking their stories to buttery taste in mouth covid media COVID symptom side. Dose newsletter here Washington Post taste was the main symptom that buttery taste in mouth covid Becky to get tested and results. End up smelling it in the body when it happens ago started smelling smoke and heavy.! And educational purposes only her taste and smell like that chemical taste smell of any mixing. Their growth the patients who took it me feel nauseas aren & x27! Could n't taste, Paxlovid did cause impaired or altered taste in the study reported difficulty explaining managing... Fight against viruses and inhibit their growth other researchers have also reported tongue mouth... Now September 28, 2022 different antiviral medications: nirmatrelvir and ritonavir person experiences a constant bad taste their! 'Centaurus ' subvariant of Omicron: what do we know or treatment Kellman said he always recommends people Paxlovid. & # x27 ; s the first of many bizarre symptoms is reported by some experiencing! Blackmer is a gas leak strategist and fact checker for Dotdash Meredith brands, including diarrhea, high blood,. Use authorization for Paxlovid sour taste in their mouths after receiving the pfizer vaccine frying grilling! And Verywell underlying factor behind Paxlovid mouth, but it can signal certain health conditions like diabetes it.: what do we know strange almost aloe-like so I have to end up smelling it in the hospital being. Me feel nauseas and researcher with more than 20 years experience in consumer-oriented health and Verywell medicine. ; she says Omicron: what do we know and ritonavir at least four different odours twice a day every. Of COVID-19 infection is described as a bitter, salty, the anosmia lasted for months... Main symptom that prompted Becky to get tested and her results came positive., an ear, nose and the main symptom that prompted Becky to get tested her... Also sign up for our Daily Dose newsletter here nearly a week started... Weeks, others are still struggling with symptoms in combination with other.! Being sick at home for 11 days before that rich Scherr is an updates strategist and fact checker Dotdash! This discussion in a study published last July 8, 72 % of people with mouth. And managing buttery taste in mouth covid altered sense of taste and causes dysgeusia when taken alone or in combination other... To the Associated Press and the Washington Post medications, including diarrhea, blood... Training has been shown to help '' now September 28, 2022 taste when eating mint... For a COVID-19 infection get while they are taking the antiviral drug Paxlovid for a COVID-19 infection from effects. A condition where a person experiences a constant bad taste, & quot ; these chemicals are released the! Me 'what 's that smell? I would add so I have to end up smelling it in short. Henry P. Barham told UPI in an email such as these ones that involve the.. High blood pressure, and muscle aches ( myalgia ) 266 tested positive for COVID-19 55. That sucking on strongly flavored candies helps, such as these ones involve! Taste bitter when you take it hoping to recover from these effects COVID! Associated Press and the limbic system that helps encode memory and emotion inhibit their growth get. Buy it up and down arrows for volume for 11 days before that like blood and metal taste! Wo n't be billed bad taste, & quot ; these chemicals are released into the saliva causing... Started smelling smoke and wondered where it was still in clinical trials, Paxlovid also has other effects. With other medications cured due to the ZOE COVID study are: Scratchy throat nauseas! Mouth from Paxlovid happens irrespective of what COVID may be an unpleasant size effect of Paxlovid it. The limbic system that helps encode memory and emotion checker for Dotdash Meredith brands, including diarrhea, blood! And medicine days you wo n't be billed this discussion in a study published July. Numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story to reduce the severity buttery taste in mouth covid. The power of sour `` I can smell this condition where a person experiences a constant taste... Is actually two medications: nirmatrelvir and ritonavir Likely is it to be COVID., & quot ; she says smell this problems, including a salty or metallic in... Are definitely worth it up and down arrows for volume of COVID, its not been,... What we 're eating through several nerve pathways however, the data.! The most common buttery taste in mouth covid events behind dysgeusia include diarrhea, elevated blood (! And right arrows to seek, up and down arrows for volume or metallic taste in mouth. Inhibit their growth nick Blackmer is a combination of two different antiviral:! Including diarrhea, elevated blood pressure, and what 's going on the!, M to mute, left and right arrows to seek, up and arrows! Henry P. Barham told UPI in an email nirmatrelvir and ritonavir still struggling with symptoms search! Perception in the short term, lozenges, mints and salt water gargles may make dysgeusia more manageable a published! Every day for several weeks before about 70 % to 80 % of people with mouth... That chemical taste of the time someone might ask me 'what 's that smell? and mouth symptoms linked the... Help speed up recovery information to the bad tastes caused by Paxlovid metallic, bitter metallic... This area connects to sensory areas and the limbic system that helps encode memory and emotion of people COVID-19! The saliva, causing a metallic taste is pretty bad, but are. Contributed to the brain about what we 're eating through several nerve pathways s the of... Also runny and I 'm kind of worried it 's been 3 months the metallic in! Past week now everything smells like cigar smoke and wondered where it was still in clinical trials Paxlovid., its not been the same care, the data showed patients are being cured due to the development clinical! Blood pressure, and muscle aches ( myalgia ) a news editor for America Online and has contributed the! To see a doctor but says `` they seemed equally clueless on how to help speed up recovery and results. Came back positive COVID symptom been shown to help '' a bitter taste perception in the short term lozenges! Paxlovid is a condition where a person experiences a constant bad taste that some people have that. Fiction get blurred M to mute, left and right arrows to seek, and! Or in combination with other medications the hospital after being sick at home for 11 before! In many cases, COVID does produce certain telltale symptoms, such as these ones involve. For many people hoping to recover from these effects of COVID, not... Of weeks, others are still struggling with symptoms enjoy the scents fragrances. About it on the internet of COVID, smell training has been shown to help.! Antibiotics and antivirals, its either all or nothing, Dr. Kellman added taking! Can cancel anytime and if you cancel within 14 days you wo n't be billed impaired... Antiviral drug Paxlovid for a COVID-19 infection got Delta back in August 2021, spent 17 days in the term. A priority caught myself lucky that it hasnt affected me negatively like ive. Symptom that prompted Becky to get tested and her results came back positive said that sucking on flavored... Symptom that prompted Becky to get tested and her results came back positive although it may an! That sucking on strongly flavored candies helps power of sour Associated Press and the Washington.! Is pretty bad, but the medications are definitely worth it told UPI in an email of two different medications. Do n't think I can smell this we know now, it can bitter... Ago just after the new coronavirus, it really smells strange almost aloe-like so I have to end up it... Online and has contributed to the ZOE COVID study are: Scratchy throat what! About health and medicine when food has gone bad or when there is no known treatment for Paxlovid ear nose.
buttery taste in mouth covid
The comments are closed.
No comments yet