what process do you think formed reuyl crater

%PDF-1.5 At the edges of lunar maria, there are often damaged walls of craters formed before the maria. 6) Consider the relationship between Ma'adim Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km diameter crater marked C. Note the remarkable difference to the crater-projectile ratio in Fig. A geologic process. Computations suggest craters that were formed by a low-density projectile are flatter and have distinctly larger diameter ratios (compared to the above-mentioned one-to-ten ratio of projectile and crater diameter). Platy minerals tend to dominate. 14. Gosses Bluff (Tnorala) Pingualuit Crater. 19.) Where were really going to get the answers the gold standards of answers is when we go back to the moon, Kring said. Roter Kamm Crater. 1}bRX12AMAWQe'=u"tP]]!|SdX"uk3&~m?B?_OuG+ s6S x> PY4/'!~OFZUT=ayZBxY`=j 0 "(_Cye@2UGDkA;$V+ "+.m The larger size gives the foliation a slighly shiny appearance. The crater is about 1.2 kilometers (a little more than 0.5 miles) across and 200 meters (650 feet) deep. Textures are based primarily on crystal size. [ 11 0 R] These are not commonly tested for in an introductory lab. Justify your answer. They are typically filled with impact rocks (impactites) in the form of impact melt rocks,suevitesand different kinds ofbreccias. The shock wave fractures the rock and excavates a large cavity (much larger than the impactor). 10. Intermediate compositions have an intermediate color, often gray or consisting of equal parts of dark and light mineral. Generally speaking, large impact craters appear to be morphologically flat structures although the impact signature rock deformations, shock metamorphism may extend to considerable depths. If an impactor is large enough, some of the material pushed toward the edges of the crater will slump back toward the center and the rock beneath the crater will rebound, or push back up, creating a central peak in the crater. Why does the Moon have so many craters while Earth has so few? Shock waves behave like other waves: they can interfere and they may be reflected and refracted. Gypsum is relatively soft (Hardness =2) and can be scratched easily with a fingernail. endobj April 8, 2015. Tycho meteorite crater on the Moon. Although temperatures below freezing and low atmospheric pressures do not allow liquid water on the surface of Mars today, erosion processes involving running water were important on Mars in the past. 22. Through a combination of these principles, the relative ages of geologic features can be determined, and a sequence of geologic events developed. The Crater Maker should stand over their sand-filled container and hold their arm out at the height they are going to drop it. Texture of sedimentary rocks in this lab will be taken to indicate origin or type of sediment found in the rock. Therefore, crisp craters with upraised rims and steep sides are young, while less distinct and eroded craters with partial rims are probably older. Impact craters are relatively shallow, so these "dents" in Earth's rocky . Terraces are a common feature of many large craters---for another example, look at the crater Theophilus. Determine and record the diameter of the caldera structure (include the over all caldera structure in this measurement). The excavation stage ends on release from shock and when the displacements by excavation cavity formation and downwards/sideward compression reach an end. Nrdlinger Ries. The keys to this definition are the chemical composition and the crystalline structure. A projectile (like the small plastic sphere) produced the crater in a laboratory hypervelocity impact experiment. Although impacts of extraterrestrial objects onto the Earth's surface occur at hypervelocity (high speed) and involve much more kinetic energy than any impacts in a classroom lab might do, such a lab can be worthwhile. -+eh5 L*]>;ppq It is located along the north border of the Snake River Plain in Idaho. The impact-cratering process. A stone-into-mud crater demonstrates the difference between it and a hypervelocity crater (Fig. What are the different kinds of craters? Terms of Use, Copyright document.write(new Date().getFullYear()); NN `GF9A`U l8_g1g}=""Px2q$O@Y8)Oq-9O{2NW?`9:uMuBiO2qd]{%= LX'K h_X CJ h_X 5B* CJ ph h \ The first is called erosion. Sometimes lots of particles strike at one time, creating meteor showers. 19. oqoujYm<3, \xu_-^/NiU,*&N ]L$[LDf>q@#SB9o9~-EPs lRj{u/wk\:oD $Ly If windstreaks are dust deposits formed downwind from the craters, what wind direction is indicated here? Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars would have formed last, when the Sun was far calmer. endobj {u/ 8`&_@ug,jbAM$[$oPocqM9K'5u"gY2;!1Nb$NfMc,cl9{=ZY6m#v]b1$m|"^K)Ks7q~B-=Cdl/)q&eHdiT) %Iwd`y\*/[Cr|R>/cRN]UyYIcF8`wiaV>bzw]'b+DZbV;zdge4e=00%9)q@B|~1QV, V=~ERZRm -Y But Earth has several things the moon doesnt an atmosphere and liquid water that cause erosion. Lake Toba in Sumatra, the largest volcanic structure on Earth, is an example of an enormous caldera that has filled with water over time. The first reason is that Earth's surface is continuously changing because we live on a geologically active planet. (Viking MDIM Volume 4) 13. Cross sections of simple and complex impact craters. A crater is a bowl-shaped depression, or hollowed-out area, produced by the impact of a meteorite, volcanic activity, or an explosion. Details from the Ascraeus channel (red), meandering across the surface of Mars. Impact basins are very large impact structures that are more than 300 kilometers (185 miles) in diameter. Scratch the unknown mineral with a known hardness to determine which mineral is harder. When first we see images of the famous one-kilometer (0.75-mile) bowl-shaped Barringer meteorite crater in Arizona (Fig. <> b.The process that I think formed apollinaris patera is Volcanism, this is because of its characteristics, such as the radial flow patterns, and basal scarp, a craters, large flow trending to the south, and the less complex caldera.. c.The process that I think formed Reuyl crater, is an Impact, the reason for this is by the ejecta pattern and central peak. !#\k]k)3f}2Xyb=Np. Meteor Crater formed only 50,000 years ago. 7) will result. 23. Image courtesy of V. L. Sharpton through the Lunar and Planetary Institute. rought The right side of Figure 12.4 shows a rift zone on Venus. <> <> If the projectile . Image credit: NASA. Using the following picture draw a box around the area that is shown in Figure 2. For very large impact craters, the excavation and modification stages are not as discrete as previously written. 1. <> As on the Moon, Mercury, Venus, and most of the outer planet satellites, impact craters are found on the surface of Mars. eige6 Sometimes the force of the impact is great enough to melt some of the local rock. Extensional stresses have led to the formation of great valleys such as Valles Marineris, the longest canyon system in the solar system. Such outbursts can be violent enough that once the eruption is . Stresses can be caused by subsurface uplift or by the addition of mass (such as lava flows) that weigh down an area. Both will react to HCl. Apollinaris Patera and surrounding region centered at 10S, 190W. Metaconglomerate is composed of pebbles and gravel that have been flattened due to directed pressure. <>>> Are the craters you observe older or younger than the valleys? Igneous Rock Identification ChartCOMPOSITION \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ TEXTURE\\\\\\\FelsicIntermediateMaficUltramaficPegmatiticGranite PegmatiteDiorite PegmatiteGabbro PegmatitePhaneriticGraniteDioriteGabbroDuniteAphaniticRhyoliteAndesiteBasaltPorphyriticRhyoliteAndesiteBasaltGlassyObsidianBasaltic GlassVesicularPumiceScoriaPyroclasticVolcanic Tuff Composition of igneous rocks is properly identified by determination of the rocks chemical composition. Explain your answer. 13. Martian shield volcano, Olympus Mons. e. 03.04.10. Therefore, a simplified system is used based on texture and composition. Chemical sedimentary rocks are identified by identifying the mineral from which they are composed. When an impactor strikes the solid surface of a planet, a shock wave spreads out from the site of the impact. What is the texture of the ejecta flow labeled A? 64 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 67 /H [ 1386 410 ] /L 650227 /E 81951 /N 10 /T 648829 >> endobj xref 64 40 0000000016 00000 n 0000001148 00000 n 0000001239 00000 n 0000001796 00000 n 0000002003 00000 n 0000002201 00000 n 0000003272 00000 n 0000024708 00000 n 0000025396 00000 n 0000025631 00000 n 0000025838 00000 n 0000025860 00000 n 0000027000 00000 n 0000027021 00000 n 0000027987 00000 n 0000028008 00000 n 0000028954 00000 n 0000028976 00000 n 0000029201 00000 n 0000052704 00000 n 0000052813 00000 n 0000052949 00000 n 0000053657 00000 n 0000054803 00000 n 0000054825 00000 n 0000056166 00000 n 0000056188 00000 n 0000056418 00000 n 0000057063 00000 n 0000074311 00000 n 0000075796 00000 n 0000075818 00000 n 0000079253 00000 n 0000080340 00000 n 0000080362 00000 n 0000080440 00000 n 0000081616 00000 n 0000081723 00000 n 0000001386 00000 n 0000001774 00000 n trailer << /Size 104 /Info 61 0 R /Root 65 0 R /Prev 648819 /ID[<24352f81424cd2ed977e32ba7ccafc84>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 65 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 58 0 R /AcroForm 66 0 R /Metadata 57 0 R >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Fields [ ] /DR << /Font << /ZaDb 54 0 R /Helv 55 0 R >> /Encoding << /PDFDocEncoding 56 0 R >> >> /DA (/Helv 0 Tf 0 g ) >> endobj 102 0 obj << /S 247 /V 348 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 103 0 R >> stream <> Approximately 80% of Earth's surface is less than 200 million years old, while over 99% of the Moon's surface is more than 3 billion years old. )y&bS_jW+|z6ADS FZM+q&+rVim#yHNO 8tU#T.f-[`of=XzuEvr+Ll[fXt 7; UGs@wc Justify your answer. Lava later flowed across the low floors of the basins, giving them a darker, smoother appearance than the surrounding, brighter highlands. Halite has a hardness of 2.5 and cannot be scratched by a fingernail (unpolished fingernail). It is the oldest and largest impact crater recognized on Earth's surface. 20. 19). This crater is believed to have formed when an asteroid struck Earth 65 million years ago. 17 0 obj Craters come in two flavors: those that aren't caused by asteroids or comets, impact craters, are formed by powerful volcanic explosions. Melosh, H.J. Procedures and Questions: Part 5 Finally, let's examine Apollinaris Patera and surrounding region. 21. Sedimentary rock identification is primarily based on composition. Statistically, impact trajectories most abundantly form an oblique 45 angle with the target surface. Non-foliated textures have minerals that are not aligned. FZ@g(.T*+cv|JfhPR. eA@QBeDT_g[HDJX9D |! ~.5Svs)-b[E9it 9u{-rJ:Lcl F9"8 t(L)Npg:zS}"V|9)4ahyQ!rYkMd8{AY$ eCD:2BRPm-974WY\. The force of the impacts create circular structures with raised rimmed wall; spatters of mud and smaller circular secondary craters may be seen (Fig. Some water probably seeped into the ground and is frozen there today as ice, and some likely escaped into space over time. a hole in the ground made by the explosion of a bomb or shell. The model crater developed a nice central peak as well as terraced margins. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 11.5)? During the excavation phase, the massive shock wave causes the projectile to simultaneously melt and vaporize, spewing plumes of searing hot rock vapor miles high into the atmosphere. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. A good example is diamond and graphite. This image shows the variations in the gravity field near the buried impact crater. And again, one might suspect a process similar to rock tossed into mud. It is true meteorites crashing as stones from the sky at free-fall velocity may in fact produce small craters in the ground similar to mud and hailstone craters. Unlike the rock-into-mud cratering, the excavation in impact cratering is inextricably linked with the propagation of shock waves. However, this is not a sensible practice in a large lab with many different people handling the samples. Correspondingly, a zone of rock melt follows the vaporized zone, and when shock energy is further lowered rocks will only be heavily damaged (fractured, brecciated) with decreasing intensity. Similar to some river systems on Earth, these Martian channels have a branching pattern. Were still searching for a clue to deduce that.. Material Type: Lab; Class: Sci Thought/Processes I; Subject: Honors Program; University: George Mason University; Term: Unknown 1989; On a world with an atmosphere, the object is heated by friction with the blanket of air. Peak ring crater Rachmaninoff on Mercury. Check Pages 101-150 of Planetary_Geology in the flip PDF version. The meter scale indicates water depth. How big, e.g. These chunks begin to form at the top layer of the lava, which is cooling the fastest. Sedimentary rocks are rocks composed of sediment. The now existing bowl-shaped structure surrounded by an uplifted rim and a blanket of ejected material is termed the transient crater obviously indicating a continuation of the impact cratering process arriving in the modification stage. Not commonly seen in most introductory lab samples.FractureBreakage of a mineral, not along planes of weakness in the crystral structure.Examine the mineral for areas where the mineral is broken. in Reuyl crater located along the dichotomy boundary (west of Apollinaris Mons ). Ma'adim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Ma'adim Vallis? 5. Fig. These crater chains are formed when a comet, normally torn apart by tides, has many of its fragments collide into the planet or moon at nearly the same time. The modification stage of impact cratering. Part of the ejecta of the larger crater was molten, melted rock and formed flows. 11. Media Policy It has a raised rim around the edge, and nice, sharp features. Firsoff is an impact crater in the region called Meridiani Planum in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 2.66N latitude and 9.42W longitude.It is 90 km in diameter. In impact research, the subdivision of the crater-forming process into three main stages has generally been accepted. More about these experiments can be read on the Chiemgau impact website where a hypervelocity impact video may be downloaded. Further identification of non-foliated rocks is dependent on the composition of the minerals or components in the rock. -Un+iJiO&Jsg/kO(*g!FcyvOC&t+3I*cm_5{`7=!MhW&A\8(}HOf%_Pp)G)d:owWt..L Typically the large crystals (phenocrysts) are visible while the smaller crystal are not (referred to as groundmass). 9). <> Fig. Determination of this information is not easily accomplished in this lab. [Hint: use the principle of cross-cutting relations to justify your answer.] !dKG>$D1vAn Ey kde/5RehK;(V+SP;6$:wr7s]0 qh@3rFWTkiuZuC1:e`Di*{"Ge[mIGl e `GRqu]MVte4O.)XPN!QgL!eQ!7*hM,5n7OS@yoY.B>f6>x>/RNR84l,Q/b&^RA,`?l'&)sH,s@+xL:|F+08l7lF4)2BYcJOo!!g3+Ct B |2x G.eG 6`:qTC+K\dI,h^&Q!dZ 7b1UxrxU_60cPYTPOX4RExd-w9+ X'SdFht'~Y=3sQf>\B5y[s{pq],1lbl>{|>?wDxLK#2'UF*$QtiQV9C9MBfKQGR"'#6x T^!mx{8w'IN^p_R ,0IRf2/k-l^cX;;uD+ The twoprojectile produced a pair of rimmed simple, bowl-shaped craters quite similar to the dual craters from Fig. Chapter. Justify your answer? Planetary scientists have established from lunar samples returned by Apollo missions that the rate of large asteroid impacts on the Moon was very high after the Moon formed 4.5 billion years ago and then declined rapidly between 3.8 billion and 3.5 billion years ago. Reuyl, an early Hesperian crater, provides evidence for diverse fluvial events; Alluvial fans, channels, orthogonally superposed deposits, fan deposits with incised channels, and large deposits suggest fluvial activity; Two sinuous ridges associated with the alluvial fan on the crater floor are the oldest features of fluvial origin The excavation stage of impact cratering. % Fig. Essentially, the minerals are randomly oriented. More about the doublet crater. The prevailing theory supported by the scientific community, the giant impact hypothesis suggests that the moon formed when an object smashed into early Earth. From the geological map (Tanaka et al., 2014) it is evident that Reuyl crater formed over a Noachian-Hesperian dichotomy boundary surface. Reuyl is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 9.8 south latitude and 193.2 west longitude. 17. stream These act together to break apart and wear down the ground. 7. The structure of the transient crater is widely preserved, and we are left with a simple or bowl-shaped impact crater (Fig. Non-foliated textures are identified by their lack of planar character. The four major geologic processes (gradation, impact cratering, tectonism, and volcanism) each produce distinct landforms. stream by lava flows that obscured the older craters. Southern cratered highlands. I noticed the young crater has an odd shape, non-circular, almost diamond-shaped. Google Earth image. But until NASA returns to the lunar landscape, researchers must rely on shockwave simulators, mathematical models and the well-worn geological formations on Earth to estimate how and when another impact event might occur. This impact is thought to have triggered fires and tsunamis and created a cloud of dust and water vapor that enveloped the globe in a matter of days, resulting in fluctuating global climate changes. In the beginning debate about meteorite craters (about one hundred years ago), astronomers believed the many craters on the Moon were volcanic. At that time, however, the physics of impact cratering implying shock physics was not yet understood. Scientists also think that faster cooling, like when lava is exposed to water, may also help with the formation of these columns. Some of this tiny debris makes it to Earth's surface and is mixed with soil and ocean sediment. . They leave very characteristic features. Below you will find a chart which defines the physical properties and provides the means for determining the physical property of a mineral sample. Earth has weather, water, and plants. Barringer Crater (Meteor Crater) in Arizona, United States, is a simple crater created when a 50-meter-wide (160-foot-wide) iron-rich meteroid struck Earth's surface about 50,000 years ago a very recent event to a geologist. The 50 km-diameter Mathilde asteroid has a mean density of 1.3 g/cm only and is considered a kind of rubble pile. The more mass it has the bigger the impact. The rock is composed entirely of glass. 6). Dunite is composed almost entirely of the mineral olivine which usually contains both iron and magnesium. 10 12 exemplify typical terrestrial structures. Craters of the Moon is a large lava flow field with cinder cones, spatter cones, lava tubes, volcanic bombs and tree molds. They concluded this from the already mentioned prevailing frequency of oblique impact trajectories leading in the majority, in their opinion, to craters of elliptical shape. Clastic sedimentary rocks contain clasts. 18. e. Dark colors, such as black and dark brown, indicate a mafic or ultramafic composition. First, the impactor rushes toward the surface. 16. The transition from simple to complex craters occurs at about 1.5 to 4 km (depending on the target rocks) final diameter for terrestrial craters and is much larger (c. 15 km) for craters on the Moon. Near the footprint in the above picture, you can see many small "pock-marks." These marks are the craters made by microscopic particles that hit the surface moving at speeds of several kilometers per second. What happens when an impactor hits? Craters most often are circular. 13). Mars, like the Earth, has seasons. Driven by the hypervelocity impact deformation, melted and fractured rocks will be accelerated behind the shock front initiating in the second stage the excavation mass flow. Multi-ring basin Mona Lisa on Venus. Biologic sedimentary rocks are which form as the result of the accumulation of organic material or biologic activity. a depression formed by an impact (as of a meteorite). Reuyl crater is at the southern edge of a region known to be blanketed in thick dust based on its high albedo (brightness) and low thermal inertia values. What are craters? (Viking mosaic P-17698) 9. Craters produced by the collision of a meteorite with the Earth (or another planet or moon) are called impact craters. Image from the Mars Global Surveyor, courtesy of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. Image from the Viking Orbiter, courtesy of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. Location: 24S, 245W. HVsT{! %PDF-1.4 % 13 0 obj endobj Tswaing Crater. Nevertheless, the resulting impact crater is more or less circular unless the angle of incidence is very low, less than 10. This icy bedrock is potentially unstable, and some impact craters may relax or fade away to unrecognition due to water ice's volatility and weak but strongly temperature dependent rheology. The rule of thumb holds roughly true also for small-scale hypervelocity impact craters produced in the laboratory (Fig. Consider the relationship between Ma'adim Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km . Texture is divided into two groups. Mafic compositions are poor in silica, but rich in iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg). Go to Analyze-Label Selection, and the crater line you just . rBqf]&&3|sz!g8zGci3;U%SK@~hvOg[-=A'c'Z/m~V;;Y=7V99Z}kc|O;7'1m C73C?$so/Exa2Eiu8*B,Xh${BN` d&;W;D[-"Ost"/#6N*(#wz]GU <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 17 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> JI,ZbXr}n9=^,eIgtU_=F#-K}_^(qyk1bZe|}elK)&Hc:GVtOd~Y@0IA$2i hvF~/_?g@-)(|#)s5.eK%x]G4;kY|^B8I(JY4+Tl7l1Q)>.ux92BfiYnWy%:./#5*j?hv`SEzY8D7\I&RdEO)I[G*ZGy7HjkvKXE@tiYrG:f3' uoiTK"EF]d[59qqgrP~ "UJ|gmPBO(+aS7Gj{k}xeET]A EIx-X]28dy,}Isx.cepq 7rbr:^v4>iHJgEqA&`DA.FYle1}7#W;G-+h Different chemical compositions result in different minerals. An extensive blanket of ejecta covers the area around the rim. But no matter at what angle it makes contact, the enormous amount of kinetic energy the projectile carries immediately transfers to the target rock it hits, triggering powerful shock waves. Essentially, the Moon's surface has not been modified since early in its history, so most of its craters are still visible. The general story of an impact follows a pretty predictable process. 12. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_3.jpg"Figure 3. A central-uplift (central peak) crater (Gow, Canada, 4 km diameter). The origins of Uluru (and Kata Tjuta) date back about 500 million years, to around the same time the Australian continent was formed. There are some interesting erosional signs in this observation, which will make for a good comparison with other intracrater fans and fluvial sedimentary landforms. Although the rift zone appears almost flat in the image, the topography of this area is more like the Grand Canyon of . 6 0 obj Complex craters are large craters with complicated features. The polar caps shrink during local summer and grow during local winter. 10. The faster the incoming impactor, the larger the crater. Moreover, the polar caps contain some water ice. Justify your answer. Phyllitic foliation is composed of platy minerals that are slightly larger than those found in slaty cleavage, but generally are still too small to see with the unaided eye. This will result in the formation of central uplifts and ring systems, and we may now refer to these as central-uplift or central-peak craters, peak-ring craters or multi-ring craters establishing the group of so-called complex impact craters or complex impact structures (Fig. xZms|fl d;NrHIM. Larger impacts also still occur, but these are much more rare. The contact and compression stage of impact cratering. Which of the four geologic processes do you think formed this channel? 11. The large circular dark areas in the image are impact basins, created as huge impactors struck the Moon. 20. This crater is about 20 kilometers (12 miles) across and has a large central peak and terraces around its rim. Sediment is deposited in a number of environments of deposition, by both moving air and moving water. 11 0 obj Image credit: NASA. Therefore, older surfaces have more impact craters. h_X CJ$ h_X H* h_X 5h_X h_X 5>* h=X@ 5CJ he > 5CJ h_X 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ. These definitions and methods are simplified. Smaller planets have less gravitational "pull" than large planets; impactors will strike at lower speeds. ERNSTSON CLAUDIN IMPACT STRUCTURES METEORITE CRATERS, Research on impact geology, geophysics, petrology, and impact cratering. 3. However, there are exceptions. Dunite has an ultramafic composition yet is apple green to yellowish green in color. 2) we may think it somehow formed from an identical mechanism. * Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project The classification of metamorphic rocks is based on the minerals that are present and the temperature and pressure at which these minerals form. Procedures and Questions: Part 4 The Hesperia region in the southern hemisphere consists of cratered plains which have been modified by aeolian processes. 3), and the central mound in the craters shown in Fig. Explain why you believe this is so. When first we see images of the famous one-kilometer (0.75-mile) bowl-shaped Barringer meteorite crater in Arizona (Fig.

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