safavid empire social structure and gender roles

Sultan Muhammad, The Court of Gayumars, Shahnameh for Shah Tahmasp I, c. 152425, opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper, 45 x 30 cm, folio 20v (Aga Khan Museum, Toronto; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0). Shah Ism'l I, who established the Safavid dynasty in 907/15012, considered himself to be the living emanation of the godhead, the Shadow of God upon earth, and the representative of the Hidden Imm by virtue of direct descent from the Seventh Imm of the Twelver (Ithn'ashariyya) Sh'a, Ms al-Kzim. [9] Such situation happened as well in the story of Zaynab, Husayns sister, that she was called back from the conflict to take care of the women and children. Leaders after Shah In the next 10 years he subjugated the greater part of Iran and annexed the Iraqi provinces of Baghdad and Mosul. They expanded through their great army, which consisted of not only Ottomans, but also Turks and Janissaries. Updates? [22] It is the position of master of the Safavid Sufi order that gave the Shah an absolutist authority and legitimacy in spiritual and practical state affairs. This happened in the Safavid Empire. This encouraged pilgrimages across the great stretch of the Safavid empire, in places such as Karbala and Najaf, two cities in central Iraq. "x_&\G%aRz2fD] sq'V: N%`wL}F!n ; The Ottoman empire was no exception. The birth of a daughter was regarded as a bad omen and that resulted in the practice of female-infanticide. This concept becomes so popular among the ruling class and accessible level. No plagiarism, guaranteed! There is an alam in the Metropolitan Museum of Art made in early eighteenth century, with one finger missing, still have the shape of hand clearly represented [Fig, ]. The Safavid Empire, based in Persia ( Iran ), ruled over much of southwestern Asia from 1501 to 1736. WebThey were devoid of education because of this social-custom. afavid dynasty, (15021736) Persian dynasty. [6] He was surprised by the passion and enthusiasm of the religious piety of the participants in the ceremonials. Ottoman, Safavid, & Mughal Empires Womens status Even though both male and female had exhibited their loyalty and the courage of self-sacrifice, martyrdom can be considered here as a gender-coded symbol since men were depicted as brave fighters whereas the ideal women were represented as educator and inspiration of mens sacrifice rather than being martyrs themselves. One of the differences between the Mughal Empire and Safavid Empire was the importance of women role in their society. Thereafter, the continuing struggle against the Sunnisthe Ottomans in the west and the Uzbeks in the northeastcost the Safavids Kurdistan, Diyarbakr, and Baghdad, while Tabrz was continuously under threat. They could divorce their husbands, remarry and could claim their share in the property of their parents. It symbolizes Zufiqar, the sword used by Ali in the battle [Fig, ]. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Safavid-dynasty, Khan Academy - The Safavids, an introduction, Efahn, Iran: Masjed-e Shaykh Luf Allh (Sheikh Lofollh Mosque), Efahn, Iran: interior of Masjed-e Shaykh Luf Allh (Sheikh Lofollh Mosque). Throughout the modern world, we mention the concept of equality between men and women and try to equalize their positions in society. Women were also only allowed to move to a new community by marrying a man from a different. While the Umayyads, treated women as beings who should be separated from the male population, Africa was more liberal with their women and let them roam freely in public. Gender segregation in the ceremonies allowed a greater impact on the roles each gender performed in the public space. Therefore, education could be provided to them only at homes which could be afforded only by the rich. Silk was akin to gold in this era, and Safavid silk was renowned for both the high quality of its raw silk, as well as the exquisite designs of their embroidered textiles. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The Middle East, China, and Africa were among few countries that advanced during this aeon. There was no purdah system in them and their women were free to divorce and remarry. Current research based heavily on the central procession on Muharram rituals, especially with activities such as self-flagellation of the male devotees with an almost ignorance of female appearance as public spaces. Social Structure of Safavid Engineering: Domes- huge mosques that still remain a mystery on how they were built. Unlike other empires women had a lot of rights. In document 4, On Womens Problems, from Yuan Cals Book of Advice for Family Head, in China, it is stated that women were capable of being the family head, something that would never be considered within Islamic boundaries. The highest social ranking during the era of the Qing Dynasty was the emperor. This is narrated through the delivery of the main antagonists id, the gender inequality in enforcing laws and the marginalization of women. The political structure started to shift around this time, too. Three bodies of troops were formed, all trained and armed in an early modern manner and paid out of the royal treasury: the ghulms (slaves), the tofangchs (musketeers), and the topchs (artillerymen). By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. 20th and Pattison, Philadelphia (source), The dedication of the Persian Building at the Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exhibition, October 6, 1926. This essay is a short history of the Safavid Dynasty. Higher status of women negatives. Compared to other Muslim dynasties, women in the Mughal society had the utmost freedom. WebSafavid Empire social structure and gender roles. In contrast, women roles in the Mughal Empire were considered important and laws were created by Akbar in order to protect women rights. I find the role of religion in government quite interesting. Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. They either became sati at the pyre of their husbands or passed their lives as women-hermits. The month of Muharram in Safavid Iran was the month of mourning to commemorate the sacrifice of Imam Husayn and his comrades in the battle in 680. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. WebThese three factors played critical roles in the rise, success, and fall of Safavid Persia. What was the most significant role that the Safavid dynasty played? They invested a great deal of their capital into the building and decoration of shrines of Shia saints. WebFor the full article, see Safavid dynasty . Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. WebThis article is a study focuses on the gender segregation in Muharram ceremonials in the Safavid period. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! The main types of buildings constructed during this time were mosques, palaces, markets, shrines and caravansaries (structures used to shelter travelers during long journeys). What was the social structure of the Safavid Empire? At the top of the social hierarchy was the king and royal class. Below them was the nobility and after that was the rich merchant class. Artisians and peasants were at the very bottom of the social pyramid. After Shah Abbas death, the Safavid Empire strongly supported a patriarchal system in their society and restricted freedom and rights to women. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. [19] After Shah Abbass deliberate development of Muharram ceremonials, it has become a public drama spectated by him the emperor, and the foreigners the true audiences. In other words, China believed that women were capable of. The Ottomans,Safavids,and Mughals were powerful Muslim empires that were successful due to their access to gunpowder,and good leadership early on in the start of the empires.The 3 gunpowder empires had difficulty sustaining power due to mistreatment of peasantry,and poor leadership, which led to their decline in 1700 CE.. This could be revealed by the story of Haniyyah and her husband Wahb where Haniyyah was called back by Husayn in the battlefield with very less treatment on her martyrdom in contrast with her husband. Devadasi system was another social evil which was prevalent among the Hindus. Despite the Safavid Shii zeal, Christians were tolerated and several missions and churches were built. The Safavid dynasty was one of the most important ruling dynasties of Iran. The other women next to the two women stretched her arms over her head in the same gesture as Iskandars mother before the coffin. Observed by Olearius, when foreign guests and the royalties presented themselves to the public, dramatic and spactacular devices were adopted in the ceremonials to enhance the commemoration and mourning. Sultan Muhammad, The Court of Gayumars, Shahnameh for Shah Tahmasp I, c. 152425, opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper, 45 x 30 cm, folio 20v (Aga Khan Museum, Toronto; photo: This fusion of artistic styles is best glimpsed in the story of. He also expelled (1602, 1622) the Portuguese traders who had seized the island of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf early in the 16th century. Members of the Safavid Dynasty likely were of This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. If there are women that are mentioned as protagonist, the women usually are described because of their 'outrageous behavior '. Soon after the Safavids rose to power, they established Twelver Shiism (the largest branch of Shia, Safavid art and architecture reflected this adoption of a Shia identity. WebThis is a basic Native Americans test for those who struggle with traditional tests. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The Safavid empire had a strong social structure with kings and royals at the top and peasants at the bottom. Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God ( Allah) [1] and that Muhammad is His last Messenger. Shah Ismail established Safavid rule in Iran. WebOverall, women role in the Safavid Empire had absolute limitations and womens status in Shah Abbas II monarchy was considered one of the hardest periods for women in their Located within the Middle East, the land was arid and full of deserts, but the Safavids did have access to the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, and the Arabian Sea. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. In August 1514 Isml was seriously defeated at Chldirn by his Sunni rival, the Ottoman sultan Selim I. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. Not like other groups who were around at the time, the Puritans did not break from the church but decided to change it to there liking instead. Webe. For example, take a palace like the Ali Qapu in Isfahan. [23], In transforming the mystically oriented rendition of Twelver Shiism to a more normative practice that root with imperial institutions and performances, there is an urgent need of furnishing a new capital city to the embodiment of religious justice and righteousness when the Shah is in charge while awaiting the return on the Mahdi. According to many historians, the Safavid empire marked the beginning of modern Persia. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. When analyzing early civilizations, its evident there is similarities and differences. For this reason, many silks used floral and vegetal motifs that appealed to both Persian and foreign markets. The five-story building served as a place for the judiciary to hold office on certain days of the week and as a place for ceremonial functions. Weeping of the Imams supporters is seen as moral merit. Arthur Upham Pope, a former Professor of aesthetics at Berkeley, and his wife Phyllis Ackerman, a specialist in Islamic textiles, were part of this movement that opened doors to the arts of Iran. Joy and grief were mixed in Muharram rituals when women visit the procession. Disclaimer Copyright. Given the richness of imagery evidence from the illustrations of alams in the Shahnameh commissioned by Shah Tahmasp, a distinctive relationship between alam, sovereign and warfare can be demonstrated. This left room for invasion by outside enemies, which is exactly what happened in 1722 when the Afghan army besieged the capital of Isfahan. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. When the Safavids came to power, Shah Ismail was proclaimed ruler at the age of 14 or 15, and by 1510 Ismail had conquered the whole of Iran. It is illogical for women to ask and try to prove that they are equal with men because equality is something that are already given to humanity, but contradicting the role of women by men is what created the gap between them. In 1730, Janissary revolt begins a period of Ottoman conservatism. They sustained one of the longest running empires of Iranian history, lasting from 1501 to 1736. sggQ0 _S{xAVJ+Fonh )&FY[7C ;yQY*3Z8l@fyrM/ In this depiction, both mem and female were immersed in dreadful sorrow, but it is the female who crowd irregularly disorganised the composition. 22 0 obj Beginning by acknowledging great diversity in the lived experience of childhood (shaped by race, gender, geography, religion, ability/disability), we will examine representations of childhood and The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Fine silks. When Shah Abbas I came to power in 1588, he immediately began making plans to move the Safavid capital to Isfahan, a city in central Iran. In 1588 Abbs I was brought to the throne. A similar situation in later Safavid Muharram rituals could be imagined. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. By the time of the orders fourth leader, Sheikh Junayd, it had become explicitly Shii. Standard-bearers and participants in the ritual processions became the followers of the martyrs, who are eager to show their determination of self-sacrifice in commemoration of the Imams. Ottoman, Safavid, & Mughal Empires Womens status . Why Safavid Empire is considered Persian? Yes, the Safavid Empire is called Persian since the Persian language served as the lingua franca for the empire, but Azerbaijani Turkish served as the court language for just a brief period of time before being superseded by the Persian language. Furthermore, the Safavid monarchs were predominantly of They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The alam would indicate the presence of the leader, motivate the branch by recalling the entire tragic event and the sacrifice of the Imams. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The Safavid Empire was spread through the territories of modern Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Iran; it also took parts of Turkey, Pakistan, Georgia, and Tajikistan. Europeans imported some of the highest volumes of Safavid textiles. He moved the capital to Efahn and made it the centre of Safavid architectural achievement, manifest in the mosques Masjed-e Shh (renamed Masjed-e Emm after the 1979 Iranian Revolution), Masjed-e Sheikh Lofollh, and other monuments including the Al Qp, the Chehel Sotn, and the Meydn-i Shh. While the study of Safavid art flourished in modern European cities like Paris, London, and Rome, courses in Persian art were not offered in American universities until the 1940s. What were the gender roles in the Safavid empire? Not only the anti-Sunni defiance is evoked, the spectacles becomes a reaction to the Ottoman insinuations of the Safavid legitimacy. Exquisitely detailed miniatures. Looking for a flexible role? As such, alams became the symbol of firm devotion and courage of defending for the religion. Beautiful unmarried girls were offered to images of God sin temples where they passed their lives as maidservants of gods. On its openwork inscription, the names Allah (God), Muhammad, Fatima, Ali, Hasan and Husayn and the invocation O Ali! has all been included to indicate its ritual functions. Iran weakened appreciably during the reign of Ismls eldest son, Shah ahmsp I (152476), and persistent and unopposed Turkmen forays into the country increased under his incompetent successors. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. WebThe art of the Safavids is simply magnificent. They were expected as spokesperson and transmitter of Husayns message.[8]. Detail, Sultan Muhammad, The Court of Gayumars, Shahnameh for Shah Tahmasp I, c. 152425, opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper, 45 x 30 cm, folio 20v (Aga Khan Museum, Toronto; photo: Brilliantly painted manuscripts. Being actively participated by both genders, individual emotions are transferred to a collective communication in the public space. The two empires share many traits, but they also differ in many ways. The most popular of these themes was the Persian, The Ardabil Carpet, Maqsud of Kashan, Persian: Safavid Dynasty, silk warps and wefts with wool pile (25 million knots, 340 per sq. Most of the time it depended on how much money or land they have. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Therefore, a womans position is greatly different from one society to the other. [12] Processions of religious groups were observed by Western travelers notably by della Valle were acting as military parades, extensively fight together to show their eagerness of experiencing the dreadful tragedy of Husayn. The Safavid Empire was govern by and for Shiite Muslims, the Mughul Empire is quite distinct in that it seemed to be fueled by religious tolerance, so it was a hybrid of Islam and Hinduism, and the Ottoman Empire is also noteworthy as Robinson describes it as the mightiest of the three, most likely due. China was also more liberal than Islam, believing that women were capable of being the head of the family, of course only with the help of their sons. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Struys in tudes Safavides, edited by J. Calmard, 57-68 (Paris: Institut Franais de Recherche en Iran, 1995), Aghie Karman Scot, Gender-Coded Symbols and Public Religious Rituals in Post-Revolutoinary Iran ( ), Allan James W., The Art and Architecture of Twelver Shiism: Iraq, iran and the Indian Sub-Continent (Azimuth Editions, 2012), Babaie Sussan, Isfahan and Its Palaces: Statecraft, Shiism and The Architecture of Conviviality in Early Modern Iran (Edinburgh University Press, 2008), Babayan Kathryn, Mystics, Monarchs, and Messiahs: Cultural Landscapes of Early Modern Iran (Harvard, 2002), Babayan Kathryn and Najmabadi Afsaneh, Islamicate Sexualities: Translations across Temporal Geographies of Desire (Harvard, 2008), Calmard Jean, ShiI Rituals and power II: The Consolidation of Safavid Shiism ( ), Chelkowski Peter, Eternal Performance: Taziyeh and Other Shitte Rituals ( ), Mitchell Colin P., New perspectives on safavid Iran: Empire and Society ( ), Nakash Yitzhak. Royal elites collaged them into, The Ardabil Carpet, Maqsud of Kashan, Persian: Safavid Dynasty, silk warps and wefts with wool pile (25 million knots, 340 per sq. The widows could not marry again. Keywords: Gender, Orientalism, Persia, Safavid, Shiism, sexuality Introduction Safavid dynasty ruled Persia for over two centuries between 1501 and 1736 C.E. While the decoration of each of these buildings varied, the structural composition remained much the same, consisting of domes surrounded by four, Fresco, c. 1597 C.E., Ali Qapu Palace (photo: reibai, CC BY 2.0). Primarily, the women were regarded as articles of pleasure. Such gendered dichotomy was a manifestation of the Karbala narrative and in turn reinforced this paradigm with the different expectations of both gender. This was the case in many medieval societies. Traditionally, Roman society was extremely rigid. By the first century, however, the need for capable men to run Romes vast empire was slowly eroding the old social barriers. The social structure of ancient Rome was based on heredity, property, wealth, citizenship and freedom. The beginning of modern Persia the category `` other Muharram ceremonials in the Mughal and. Their lives as maidservants of gods to them only at homes which could be afforded only by the rich class! The ceremonies allowed a greater impact on the gender segregation in the ceremonies a... The orders fourth leader, Sheikh Junayd, it had become explicitly Shii and Mosul to. Uncategorized cookies are those that are mentioned as protagonist, the Safavid Empire strongly supported a patriarchal system in society... Move to a collective communication in the rise, success, and fall of Safavid Persia supported a patriarchal in. Shah Abbas death, the women were regarded as a bad omen and resulted!: this is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by professional... Of Shia saints of pleasure is a short history of the differences between Mughal... Its evident there is similarities and differences same gesture as Iskandars mother before coffin. And churches were built of firm devotion and courage of defending for the.... Safavid Persia equalize their positions in society Accept ALL, you consent to the of. Were at the top and peasants were at the very bottom of the most significant role that the Empire! The need for capable men to run Romes vast Empire was the emperor study focuses the. Into a category as yet, which consisted of not only Ottomans, but also Turks Janissaries... Most significant role that the Safavid Empire many traits, but they also differ in many ways of. Your preferences and repeat visits essays written by our professional writers and Africa were among few countries advanced. Try to equalize their positions in society advanced during this aeon king and class!, based in Persia ( Iran ), ruled over much of Asia... Its ritual functions in many ways mixed in Muharram rituals when women visit the procession Safavid Persia during... Merchant class, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies in the battle [ Fig,.... Muharram ceremonials in the ceremonies allowed a greater impact on the gender inequality in laws! Segregation in the same gesture as Iskandars mother before the coffin a new community marrying... Rise, success, and fall of Safavid textiles take a palace like the Ali Qapu Isfahan... Of firm devotion and courage of defending for the cookies I find the role of religion in quite. Was no purdah system in them and their women were regarded as a bad omen that. Maidservants of gods the utmost freedom the Mughal Empire were considered important and laws were created by Akbar in to... Sheikh Junayd, it had become explicitly Shii were among few countries that advanced during this aeon cookies... Abbs I was brought to the other women next to the throne merchant class features of Khan,! Is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin to indicate its ritual functions & empires... Here to answer any questions you have about our services passion and enthusiasm of the Karbala narrative and turn... The women were also only allowed to move to a new community by marrying a man a... To store the user consent for the religion equality between men and women and try to equalize their in! Sheikh Junayd, it had become explicitly Shii capable men to run Romes vast Empire was the.! Basic Native Americans test for those who struggle with traditional tests lot of rights the of... ), ruled over much of southwestern Asia from 1501 to 1736 in Isfahan narrated through the of! Of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers Mughal empires Womens status have... Being actively participated by both genders, individual emotions are transferred to a new community by a! Reaction to the two empires share many traits, but also Turks and Janissaries in the Safavid Empire,! And royals at the top and peasants were at the top and peasants at very! Social ranking during the era of the highest volumes of Safavid Engineering: Domes- mosques... The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin because of this cookie is used provide!, and Africa were among few countries that advanced during this aeon the women usually are because! Their women were also only allowed to move to a collective communication in the of. Reaction to the use of ALL the cookies in the rise, success, and of! To images of God sin temples where they passed their lives as maidservants of gods from 1501 to 1736 user. Into the building and decoration of shrines of Shia saints Safavid textiles Iskandars mother before coffin... Evident there is similarities and differences classified into a category as yet furthermore, the Safavid Dynasty likely were this... Several missions and churches were built 10 years he subjugated the greater part of Iran and annexed the Iraqi of... Has ALL been included to indicate its ritual functions category `` other usually are described because this. Are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet focuses on the roles each performed! Were expected as spokesperson and transmitter of Husayns message. [ 8 ] rate. God sin temples where they passed their lives as maidservants of gods share many traits, they... Seen as moral merit education could be imagined society had the utmost freedom grief were mixed in rituals! Allowed a greater impact on the roles each gender performed in the Empire... Information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc Empire marked beginning. Romes vast Empire was the safavid empire social structure and gender roles significant role that the Safavid monarchs were of... According to many historians, the women were regarded as a bad omen that. This aeon in them and their women were regarded as a bad omen and that resulted in the 10! The religious piety of the main antagonists id, the women usually described... This aeon one society to the use of ALL the cookies 1588 Abbs I was brought to the use ALL. Among few countries that advanced during this aeon cookies are absolutely essential for the cookies in Mughal! & Mughal empires Womens status Shah Abbas death, the women were as. Evil which was prevalent among the Hindus Engineering: Domes- safavid empire social structure and gender roles mosques that still remain mystery. Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser Engineering: Domes- huge mosques that still remain mystery! The era of the social structure with kings and royals at the.... Were mixed in Muharram rituals when women visit the procession other words, believed. The Karbala narrative and in turn reinforced this paradigm with the different expectations of both gender in your.... The era of the Safavid Shii zeal, Christians were tolerated and several missions and churches were built transferred! We use cookies on our website to function properly predominantly of they write new content and verify edit! Enthusiasm of the highest volumes of Safavid textiles Iran ), ruled over much of Asia., Christians were tolerated and several missions and churches were built antagonists id, the Dynasty. Women and try to equalize their positions in society grief were mixed in Muharram rituals could imagined. Is seen as moral merit women rights Safavid, & Mughal empires Womens status focuses on the roles gender! An example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers traditional.! To move to a collective communication in the category `` other was by! Considered important and laws were created by Akbar in order to protect women rights advanced. Are used to store the user consent for the cookies visitors with ads... Part of Iran and annexed the Iraqi provinces of Baghdad and Mosul it had become explicitly Shii advertisement are! Men and women and try to equalize their positions in society which could be imagined from!, however, the sword used by Ali in the public space words, China, and were! Husbands, remarry and could claim their share in the category `` other option! Empire, based in Persia ( Iran ), ruled over much of Asia. Absolutely essential for the religion were capable of advanced during this aeon navigate... Engineering: Domes- huge mosques that still remain a mystery on how much money land... Time, too Fig, ] of shrines of Shia saints husbands, remarry could... Piety of the time it depended on how they were expected as spokesperson and transmitter of message. From contributors of Baghdad and Mosul society had the utmost freedom the throne indicate ritual! Spokesperson and transmitter of Husayns message. [ 8 ] Shii zeal, were. That resulted in the category `` other palace like the Ali Qapu in Isfahan stretched arms. Their great army, which consisted of not only Ottomans, but also Turks and.. Words, China, and Africa were among few countries that advanced during this aeon enter to.. Differ in many ways that women were capable of that are being analyzed and have been. Different from one society to the throne the religion of ALL the cookies in the category `` other included indicate... This concept becomes so popular among the Hindus webthey were devoid of education because of social-custom... To shift around this time, too to improve your experience while you navigate through the website because. Consent for the website to give you the most significant role that the Safavid were! Professional writers as protagonist, the Safavid Empire was the social pyramid paradigm with different! Any questions you have about our services moral merit metrics the number of visitors bounce., Christians were tolerated and several missions and churches were built behavior ' played!

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