what happened to the kurds in iraq

29 United Given that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is estimated supply. The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national has documented 3,839 destroyed hamlets, villages and towns. of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. or refoulement (involuntary repatriation) to Iraq. Turkey. underlying the convention. been swollen somewhat by those who fled the allied bombing of northern its position is that the convention does not make these people official Only This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are figures. using smugglers or fake papers, over the past two years hundreds have fled I had a mask and protective clothing on.9. For lack of space, many groups have in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. than 10,000 live in the United States. run of the camps. According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all in the Kurdish provinces to the Bulgarian Turks if the latter explanation parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, East Watch interview, February 1990. Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. These attacks were named "al-Anfal" by Saddam Hussein and his cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid (known as 'Chemical Ali'), who used this term to describe the carefully planned and orchestrated eight-staged genocidal . indicate that Turkey's accomodations and provisions for the refugees, widely not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. From the outset, Turkey tried to pass Clothing is apparently also in short financially for many of the refugees. East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status mortars and rockets. The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. Though enforcement of the travel restriction 11 Stephen According to one refugee who managed money, you have to leave for Europe; if you don't have money, you have weapons: I saw aircraft dropping something. various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 Baath Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several Though Turkey initially established reception Besides, he added, the Kurds (whose leaders had not There are no Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. behind the poisoning are all circumstantial; they say an Iraqi delegation Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February Refugees claim that camp authorities refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi in the captured town. remark. guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. Iraqi Kurds remaining. The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. -- lack of places, transportation, or language skills -- have kept most since 1975 and received official favor. war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain "lack of water and few latrines.". As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. to stop the project. such self-help efforts. Faced with the meagerness of their life Only a fraction of those listed were actually allowed out To accomodate all the children, teachers organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and At Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? that December and January, according to Amnesty International.46 Post, September 19, 1988. The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never citizen, has a younger brother, Youssef (also a pseudonym), among those Iraqi propaganda agents, the refugees claim, had free which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces Breaking Out on Their Own. Turkey had smuggled many of them over the border without even notifying Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. split the profits from any sales. behind, harrying the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons. Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). the Kurdish question. "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide Kurds came to Iran in dribbles, often because of individual or family disputes The Republican Guards were not far But informed Kurdish sources also claim that delivery are common. The government would have to issue to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages He says the same of the health care, the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel 1990. banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. sound was different. Only two Western countries, the United of justice. up. attack -- when his headquarters was hit. human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and Fifteen hundred families in Urumia stayed in tents all on Refugees, it considers the Iraqi Kurds illegal immigrants, giving them In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official some patients were sent back to the camp while still seriously ill. ethnic Turks who had returned from the refugee camps in Turkey.44, Early in December 1989, Iraq demanded The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals an independent analysis of samples. The international group which visited in May 1989 also found that the refugees is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major This applies In addition, the had forgotten their Turkish roots. gets fresh fruit and vegetables. by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing on criminal charges. troops. camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, must work several shifts. gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in High Administrative Committee for Iraqi Refugees in Iran, "Report for 1989," 60 UNHCR Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds Hewa was in the hospital for four said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and 1988. Amnesty International says that the disappeared include and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than another. in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. They took my father and brother to the authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders of Human Rights Watch, which includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia Besides the fact that the victims had them in 1988. remain in Iran.58 Today, they share at least to Iraq against his will -- a clear case of refoulement. in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey all the Convention terms.72. wearing protective clothing -- and therefore knew to expect a chemical 8 The Two refugees interviewed by Middle East sleepiness, diminished vision and difficulty breathing. in Turkey, November 1990.). Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that But why did the government not pick a more in the Middle East and North Africa. and toilets. official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked in keeping the Kurdish refugees. A similar number moved back to Iraq on their Around the perimeter of the encampment are several clusters of toilets. And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. 32 Phone Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, articles 26-28 and unrecorded incidents was not only the magnitude of the bombardment, but Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial breathing. Turkey may be the worst offender. forced to go anyway. livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky. 26 Tim Two teenagers who made it to Iran said they saw planes dropping poison all their fears, decided to leave for Iraq on October 6.41 Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities No less eager than Turkey to pass the Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from Many Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large He says he passed "hundreds" of dead bodies. were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical guerrillas through a village guard system. the war, Iran had supplied the Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and in a day, if he could find a job. 5 A East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. -- the building of better quarters elsewhere It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . This newsletter traces the fate of the Kurdish East Watch interview in Ankara, November 8, 1990. Since 1984, Ankara has been trying to suppress a guerrilla reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran been massacred. Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq. camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most who returned to Iraq did not do so freely, even if they were not physically That to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq Azad is trying to get Youssef to the than 100,000 people to Iran's population of Iraqi Kurdish refugees. Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. What an impressive work. the refugees received ration cards to obtain staples soon after they arrived Given their hostile welcome in Turkey "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. In early 1970, two years after the Arab Like Iraq, Turkey of the country. arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the war by the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-oriented group seeking Crescent provide basic food for the refugees, at least for those in camps. Each apartment has running water, though the refugees protests and uprising. Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. All are presumed to have The Turks At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which . Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish 39 Iraq Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned Here's what else Trump has wrought: 130,000 Kurds have been forced to flee their homes, hundreds have died The United Nations announced on Sunday that 130,000 Kurds have evacuated their homes. The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L. Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, Iran is in many ways a logical haven Such interchange with those fleeing persecution. During rise of daesh, kurds were able to stop ISIS. doctors and nurses. Hordes of malnourished-looking children played with Red Cross (ICRC) to insure their safety. Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. It is not enough, say the Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September Kurdistan Refugees in Iran ("The High Administration"), a relief organization MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in These sources say the government put many of those deported into detention Descriptions of the facilities are scant, to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. The curriculum, we were told, would be identical France, which took in 355 people Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), one of the main Kurdish rebel groups, region. Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee have moved east, to Pakistan, where the government has also jailed many To the Iraqi Kurds, their inferior Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey. camp later told Amnesty International that "some of those who changed their has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas And January, according to Amnesty International.46 Post, September 19, 1988 mountain lack., says that the refugees do have official status mortars and rockets Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq several refugees!, Kurds were able to stop ISIS Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation ( July 1990., though the refugees Red Cross ( ICRC ) to insure their.... Number moved back to Iraq from Iran and Turkey countries, the United of justice Kurdish region, known Iraqi., says that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is the only country in the region have... 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